Patina is the word used for the green or brown film formed on the surface of old bronze, an excess of which can mask the true characteristics of the original masterpiece. Filippo Baldinucci used the word patina in a modern sense for first time in his book “Tuscan Vocabulary of the Art of Design”. Metaphors have been part of philosophical speech since the time of Plato. This figure of speech is used to attempt to provide a sensitive presence of an (...) idea to improve understanding and to make a more vivid perception of that concept. On analysing the creative process of contemporary re-search on health topics and its further dissemination, we defend the epistemological thesis that there is always some degree of patina on an original article and this may obscure the underlying scientific work. Conclusion: We consider that patina in scientific papers is very different from the concept of epidemiological bias. We think that any researcher who reads an original article acts as a restorer of knowledge. If a reader is aware of the existence of scientific patina, that reader will know how to look through it and see the masterpiece hidden underneath. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza los conceptos filosóficos que hay detrás de la fisiología de Walter B. Cannon. Este fisiólogo tenía una concepción teleológica del organismo. Para poder comprender mejor la naturaleza de las funciones orgánicas, le resultaba muy útil preguntarse por el propósito de los procesos fisiológicos. Su teoría de la emergencia y el concepto de homeostasis son el resultado de este planteamiento. Cannon explicó muchos ejemplos que ilustran procesos teleológicos en el cuerpo humano, aunque encontró mecanismos que parecen carecer de (...) propósito o que van en contra de la salud y la supervivencia. Por tanto, se explicará la concepción holista y teleológica de Cannon y sus aportaciones teóricas a la fisiología. (shrink)

El tercer volumen incluye un total de 70 textos que dan cuenta de la historia conflictiva de la formación profesional del arquitecto posrevolucionario y el surgimiento de la arquitectura moderna en México. Una referencia esencial para la evolución de la arquitectura en el siglo 20 en México. La antología completa cuenta de la producción académica y analítica importante, así como la calidad de las ideas que transformaron la producción de la arquitectura mexicana a finales del siglo 19 y durante el (...) siglo 20. (shrink)

La crisis del agua es la crisis de la vida. Sin cambio cultural no puede darse un cambio en la gestión del agua. Esto implica que la cultura del agua debería dejar de ser considerada como un componente más de los proyectos, programas y planes para pasar a ser entendida como generadora y condicionante de todos los otros componentes de la gestión.Los enfoques actuales de la gestión del agua evitan poner el eje de su acción en la cultura y democracia (...) del agua, aunque lo que describen como gobernabilidad o crisis del agua es eminentemente cultural y derivado de la falta de democracia. Por otra parte se muestra cómo están surgiendo procesos que desde la sociedad civil asumen enfoques culturales y democráticos para enfrentar la crisis del agua. A lo largo del trabajo se postula que el enfoque desde la cultura democrática del agua es un proyecto ético de sustentabilidad de la vida. (shrink)

Due to the difficulty in solving combinatorial optimization problems, it is necessary to improve the performance of the algorithms by improving techniques to deal with complex optimizations. This research addresses the metaheuristics of marriage in honey-bees optimization based on the behavior of bees. The current study proposes a technique for solving combinatorial optimization problems within proper computation times. The purpose of this study focuses on the travelling salesperson problem and the application of chaotic methods in important sections of the MBO (...) metaheuristic. Three experiments were conducted to measure the efficiency and quality of the solutions: MBO with chaos to generate initial solutions ; MBO with chaos in the workers ; and MBO with chaos to generate initial solutions and the workers. The application of chaotic functions in MBO was significantly better at solving the travelling salesperson problem. (shrink)

Microsystems are described as contexts formed by a subject, their roles, interactions, and a specific physical space and time, such as housing and the school environment. Although several studies suggest the importance of studying this type of environment and its repercussion on children's development, in a Latin American context few studies integrate the interaction of two primary settings in the development of executive functioning. The present study explores the effects of the quality of housing and school environments on the perception (...) of stress, decision making, and planning among children. A total of 114 children (43% girls and 57% boys, Mage = 10.57) from a primary school located in a community classified as poor participated in the study. It was measured: environmental quality of classrooms, housing, stress and executive functioning of children. The results reveal a model linking environmental quality levels in children's homes and schools and executive functioning. We also obtain a mediating role of stress between microsystems and performance, finding a deficit in executive performance when children experienced higher levels of stress as a result of poor environmental quality both in their homes and in their schools. (shrink)

Background Physicians play a fundamental role in the care of patients at the end of life that includes knowing how to accompany patients, alleviate their suffering and inform them about their situation. However, in reality, doctors are part of this society that is reticent to face death and lack the proper education to manage it in their clinical practice. The objective of this study was to explore the residents’ concepts of death and related aspects, their reactions and actions in situations (...) pertaining to death in their practice, and their perceptions about existing and necessary training conditions. Methods A qualitative approach was used to examine these points in depth based on interviews conducted with seven oncology residents. Results Participants do not have a clear concept of death and, although it is seen as a common phenomenon, they consider it an enemy to beat. The situations to which respondents react more frequently with frustration and sadness after the death of patients were when they felt emotionally involved, if they identify with the patient, in cases of pediatric patients and with patients who refuse treatment. To deal with death, participants raise barriers and attempt to become insensitive. Although residents in this study recognize the importance of training to learn how to better deal with death, it seems they are not fully invested in reaching more of it. Conclusions Participants face death in a daily basis without the necessary training, which appears to impact them more than they are willing to accept. They do not achieve their goals managing situations regarding death as well as they assume they do. Despite recognizing the need of more training and support for better coping with death, they prefer to continue to learn from their experience. Trial registration Not applicable. (shrink)

En sus Apologías y discursos de las conquistas occidentales, Bernardo de Vargas Machuca, apoyándose en Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, pretende justificar el dominio español americano. En sus planteamientos es posible constatar un cambio de la noción de bárbaro, que se puede interpretar como una ampliación del concepto de siervo por naturaleza, a partir de la caracterización del indio como alguien ya sometido pero que, de una u otra manera, trata de resistirse a un dominio impuesto y no querido. (...) Así, las ideas de Vargas Machuca al respecto se pueden entender como un aporte para la comprensión filosófica de la construcción de la imagen tanto del indio como del indiano por el tiempo del inicio de la Colonia. Resumen En sus Apologías y discursos de las conquistas occidentales , Bernardo de Vargas Machuca, apoyándose en Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, pretende justificar el dominio español americano. En sus planteamientos es posible constatar un cambio de la noción de bárbaro, que se puede interpretar como una ampliación del concepto de siervo por naturaleza, a partir de la caracterización del indio como alguien ya sometido pero que, de una u otra manera, trata de resistirse a un dominio impuesto y no querido. Así, las ideas de Vargas Machuca al respecto se pueden entender como un aporte para la comprensión filosófica de la construcción de la imagen tanto del indio como del indiano por el tiempo del inicio de la Colonia.In its Apologías y discursos de las conquistas occidentales , Bernardo de Vargas Machuca pretends to justify the Spanish dominion on America taking support on Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. In its account it is possible to note a change in the notion of a Barbarian, which can be interpreted as an extension of the concept of “slavery by nature”. From this point of view the Indian is conceived as someone who is submitted but who nevertheless tries to resist to an unwilled and imposed domination. Thus Vargas Machuca claims on this matter can be understood as a contribution to the philosophical understanding of the conception, during the Colonial time, of the Indian as well as of the indiano. (shrink)

This study seeks to analyze the presence of the eroticism and seduction in two relevant novels by Mario Vargas Llosa: Elogio de la madrastra and Los cuadernos de don Rigoberto. For such goal it will be kept in mind theoretical approaches to those conceptions, which will be appropriate to consolidate personal visions applied to the analysis of those mentioned works. In the conception proposed by Georges Bataille about the eroticism the condition of the carnal desire it is assumed as (...) fundamental axis of human being’s realizations. Jean Baudrillard’s contributions on the seduction takes the erotic thing, like a genesic force, to the elaboration of the artifices of the appearance with all its power about the essence that makes easier the approach among the fellow who seduces and that one seduced. (shrink)

“Iatrophilosophy” is defined as the translational discipline between medicine and philosophy that has a double objective, theoretical and practical. It is presented a model of practical iatrophilosophy applied to chronic pain associated with depression and stress—depresalgia—, that expands Phenomenologic, Hermeneutic, Dynamic Psychotherapy (PHD) to the general medical field. It starts from the general model of the medical triad - disease, illness, and sickness- and, in the horizon of Ortega's anthropology, five nuclear metaphors are proposed: greed of the body, anguish (...) of circumstance, personal tear, personal knots, and personal expropriation. These are related to the neurobiological mechanisms of central sensitization, allostasis, and alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. A personal recovery process based on therapeutic concord is proposed. The analysis of chronic pain and other complex health problems can benefit from philosophical methodologies such as clinical hermeneutics. (shrink)

El trabajo que se presenta intenta mostrar, por un lado y siguiendo a Ortega y Gasset, la complejidad del fenómeno de la política; y por otro lado, a partir de la constatación anterior, la necesidad de una ética que haga de la política una actividad presidida por el diálogo, la integración y la búsqueda de soluciones a las complejidades de la sociedad actual. Son relevantes en este aspecto Apel y Habermas.

En forma de síntesis reflexiva sobre la vida y la obra de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, el trabajo responde in inicialmente a una solicitud de la revista Casa de las Américas. Esta revista-institución había pedido, en justo homenaje a este genuino marxista, un comentario a dos volúmenes que celebraban desde México, con inteligente selección, abierta a la controversia, su 80 aniversario (1995). Se trataba de los libros Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez: los trabajos y los días y En torno a la obra de (...) Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, editados por Federico Álvarez y Gabriel Vargas Lozano, respectivamente. Publicado originalmente con el título “La empecinada herejía de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez” en la mencionada revista (núm. 203, La Habana,1996, pp.142-147), el texto fue revisado y actualizado para la presente edición. (shrink)

A metafísica abandona em José Ortega y Gasset e Juan Ramón Jiménez a sua pré-noção enquanto matéria de carácter geral e abstracto, sendo compreendida antes como uma urgência de ordem íntima, radicada na pessoa humana, de resposta aos problemas do ser e da existência. O homem é entendido, para estes autores, na sua dimensão de possibilidade como o fundamento de todo o exercício filosófico, ou do seu próprio ser e viver. Ao questionarmos o sentido da vida na sua (...) consistência transfinita, propomos a clarificação da realidade metafísica enquanto substrato vital do humano, que não é mais que a busca de plenitude e reiteração do mundo dada na nossa própria actividade vivencial. (shrink)

El texto constituye una reseña-comentario a dos volúmenes que celebraban desde México, con inteligente selección, abierta a la controversia, el 80 aniversario (1995) del destacado pensador hispano-mexicano. Se trataba de los libros Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez: los trabajos y los días y En torno a la obra de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, editados por Federico Álvarez y Gabriel Vargas Lozano, respectivamente. El título del comentario hace alusión a la permanente actitud de principios de Sánchez Vázquez, quien mantuvo, primero, una actitud crítica (...) ante el marxismo ortodoxo y dogmático que se difundía desde la URSS y el llamado socialismo real y, después, asumió estoicamente la defensa del marxismo cuando aquellos habían desaparecido. (shrink)

¿Toda regla social es una convención aceptada por un acuerdo de voluntades? A esta pregunta, Ramón Ortega responde negativamente en su libro Compromiso mutuo y derecho: un enfoque convencionalista. Según el autor, el carácter normativo del derecho no estaría justificado por la "vaga, oscura y controvertida noción de aceptación" de Hart, sino por otra, más general: el compromiso mutuo, tomada de la metafísica social de Margaret Gilbert. Pero ¿cuál es la diferencia entre el hecho de que dos o (...) más personas acepten una convención y que exista entre ellas un compromiso mutuo? Pensemos en un famoso y sutil ejemplo tomado de la propia Gilbert: Ana y Miguel caminan uno cerca del otro al salir de un curso. (shrink)

En acquisition L2, le choix méthodologique concernant le type de tâche a été décrit comme une étape capitale à l’obtention de données plus ou moins représentatives de comportements linguistiques mesurables (Norris et Ortega 2003). Le propos de notre recherche est d’analyser un corpus recueilli en acquisition L2 afin de tester des effets du type de tâche sur la nature des productions langagières obtenues. Notre recherche se base sur la comparaison d’une tâche narrative, d’une tâche directive et d’une tâche de (...) prise de décisions proposées à 36 locuteurs hispanophones apprenants d’anglais à l’Universitat de Barcelona et à l’Universitat Ramón Llull (Gilabert 2007). Notre analyse tient compte de quatre types de marqueurs : séquentiels (first, then, finally), argumentatifs (because, thus, though), temporels (when, after, before) et modaux (I think, would, should). L’extraction des items lexicaux s’est faite de manière automatique à l’aide de Childes (CLAN). Nos analyses quantitatives sur un total de 710 occurrences révèlent l’existence de différences significatives dans les fréquences de ces marqueurs selon le type de tâche réalisée (valeurs de p obtenus à l’aide du t-test de Welch). Les tâches de résolution de problèmes sollicitant des repères spatiaux (i.e., directive et de prise de décisions) constituent des activités significativement plus productives à l’obtention de marqueurs séquentiels et argumentatifs, comparées à la tâche narrative. Nos résultats suggèrent que le choix de la tâche est un enjeu majeur dans les travaux en acquisition L2 et confirment l’impact des outils méthodologiques dans les résultats obtenus. (shrink)

The standard approach for abstractive text summarization is to use an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder is responsible for capturing the general meaning from the source text, and the decoder is in charge of generating the final text summary. While this approach can compose summaries that resemble human writing, some may contain unrelated or unfaithful information. This problem is called “hallucination” and it represents a serious issue in legal texts as legal practitioners rely on these summaries when looking for precedents, used (...) to support legal arguments. Another concern is that legal documents tend to be very long and may not be fed entirely to the encoder. We propose our method called LegalSumm for addressing these issues by creating different “views” over the source text, training summarization models to generate independent versions of summaries, and applying entailment module to judge how faithful these candidate summaries are with respect to the source text. We show that the proposed approach can select candidate summaries that improve ROUGE scores in all metrics evaluated. (shrink)

Este artículo nos adentra en el estudio de la figura de san Martín de Tours, el apóstol de la Galia, cuya influencia se deja sentir en toda Europa, especialmente en España. Se trata del primer santo no mártir después de la paz de Constantino. Resultó ser soldado por fuerza, obispo por obligación, monje por gusto. Representa un nuevo modelo de santidad. De eremita evoluciona a la vida cenobítica, como padre de monjes; y como obispo es el defensor civitatis además del (...) gran evangelizador del mundo rural de la Galia. A su alrededor se generan otros santos. Por otra parte, Tours es la ciudad en que comienza la via turonensis del célebre Camino de Santiago. El Apóstol Santiago y Martín de Tours comparten culto y compiten en santidad como grandes taumaturgos. (shrink)

Other Voices: Readings in Spanish Philosophy represents high points of nearly two millennia of Spanish philosophy, from first-century thinkers in Roman Hispania to those of the twentieth century. John R. Welch has selected, and in several cases translated, excerpts from the works of thirteen philosophers: Seneca, Quintilian, Isidore of Seville, Ibn Rushd (Averroës), Moses Maimonides, Ramón Llull, Juan Luis Vives, Francisco de Vitoria, Bartolomé de Las Casas, Francisco Suárez, Benito Jerónimo Feijóo, Miguel de Unamuno, and José Ortega y (...) Gasset. Welch provides a brief introduction to each historical period or philosophical movement represented and a biographical introduction to each philosopher. Of special interest are the selection from Feijóo’s “A Defense of Women” (an attack on misogyny), which has not been translated into English since the eighteenth century; the arguments on the justification of war by Vitoria and Las Casas (in the context of the Spanish conquest); and Ortega's defense of a specific form of reason: historical reason. -/- . (shrink)

Explicitly fictional armchair reconstructions of the past are sometimes taken to be informative about philosophical issues. What appeal a counterfactual genealogy has depends on its speculative accuracy, that is, its accuracy in identifying relevant causal, functional, or explanatory particulars. However, even when speculatively accurate, counterfactual genealogies rarely secure more than proofs of possibility. For more ambitious deployments of genealogy – for example, efforts to show what properties the target concept in fact predicates – genealogies are hamstrung by the possibility of (...) predicative drift, or changes over time in what the concept predicates. Still, even when counterfactual genealogies fail to tell us about our current practices or concepts, they may identify appealing successors. Pettit's (2018 Pettit, Philip. 2018. The Birth of Ethics: Reconstructing the Role and Nature of Morality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.[Crossref], [Google Scholar]) innovative defense of moral realism and his employment of a counterfactual genealogy provides an illuminating instance of the promise and challenges facing accounts employing counterfactual genealogies. (shrink)

Copredication is the phenomenon whereby two or more predicates seem to require that their argument denotes different things. The denotation of words that copredicate has been broadly discussed. In this paper, I investigate the metaphysics behind this question. Thus, mereological theories of dot objects claim that these nouns denote complex entities; Asher (Lexical meaning in context, Cambridge University Press, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511793936) thinks that they denote bare particulars; and the Activation Package Theory contends that they stand for multiple denotations. According to (...) the Activation Package Theory, copredicative nouns stand for complex knowledge structures that offer a range of multiple potential denotations. In this paper, I claim that the Activation Package Theory contributes to solve some of the metaphysical questions that arise from copredication. (shrink)

The work presented has the following approach: starting from the Pope's reflection on the planet and ecological problems, it is intended to show the philosophical influences that underlie Francisco's exposition. These influences make it possible to describe a philosophical profile present in the encyclical Laudato si’. In addition, since philosophy claims to know, it is not exhausted only in knowledge, but tries to know in order to act; therefore, the presence of an ethical proposal follows; and since all ethics leads (...) to action, it follows that action cannot be without some indicators, without an axiology on which human action on the planet revolves. The result is that Francisco offers an ethic of otherness that feels the other as an authentic neighbor, even those who are in the future. It is an ethic of common benefit and caring for the other whose fundamental axis is the person and for this reason he reflects the phenomenon of human life within life on Earth, with which its philosophical approach seems personalist, from a point of Christian view. (shrink)

Siempre se ha reconocido en Pirrón de Élide el inicio puntual del escepticismo griego. Sabemos ya hoy que esta información, sesgada, proviene más de la necesidad de Enesidemo de refundar el movimiento, que de la realidad filosófica. En este artículo demostramos que Pirrón, ni tuvo consciencia de ser un escéptico, ni, en rigor, inició ninguna nueva corriente. Su deslizamiento, y posterior reconocimiento, hacia el escepticismo, debe más bien encuadrarse en el natural desarrollo de la filosofía abderita, a través de Metrodoro (...) de Quíos, discípulo de Demócrito, Anaxarco maestro de Pirrón y Nausífanes su discípulo. Y todo debido al afán aventurero del personaje de Élide al enrolarse en el séquito de Alejandro Magno. (shrink)

This critical appraisal of Juan Comesaña’s Being Rational and Being Right is divided into three sections: Section I describes the fundamental features of “Experientialism,” the theory of basic rationality developed and defended in the book; Section II briefly indicates how the chapters of the book unfold; and Section III describes and examines one problematic issue concerning how Experientialism interacts with the liberalism/conservatism debate in the theory of justification.

The standard approach for abstractive text summarization is to use an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder is responsible for capturing the general meaning from the source text, and the decoder is in charge of generating the final text summary. While this approach can compose summaries that resemble human writing, some may contain unrelated or unfaithful information. This problem is called “hallucination” and it represents a serious issue in legal texts as legal practitioners rely on these summaries when looking for precedents, used (...) to support legal arguments. Another concern is that legal documents tend to be very long and may not be fed entirely to the encoder. We propose our method called LegalSumm for addressing these issues by creating different “views” over the source text, training summarization models to generate independent versions of summaries, and applying entailment module to judge how faithful these candidate summaries are with respect to the source text. We show that the proposed approach can select candidate summaries that improve ROUGE scores in all metrics evaluated. (shrink)

El presente trabajo, expone los resultados de una investigación sobre la apropiación y desarrollo de saberes docentes del profesorado novel durante sus primeras experiencias de ejercicio profesional en el estado de Sinaloa (México). Las evidencias, permitieron advertir un ambiente alterno de inserción que aportaba saberes constreñidos por un contexto delincuencial endémico de comunidades afectadas por el narcotráfico. De ahí que el posicionamiento teórico atendió las relaciones sociales de violencia y poder ante su valor epistémico re-significante del efecto choque con la (...) realidad, propio de esta etapa donde se experimenta una incipiente socialización profesional. La metodología fue de naturaleza cualitativa con sustento en la etnosociología y la entrevista de tipo relato de vida, recuperando las vivencias de 70 profesores nóveles elegidos mediante una muestra no probabilística, caso típico-ideal. Los resultados se agruparon, según sus recurrencias, en cuatro dimensiones jerárquicas: 1) personal, 2) escolar, 3) comunitaria y 4) delincuencial, acorde con su nivel de afectación. Entre las conclusiones, se advierte que la inserción del profesor novel inmersa en un ambiente dominado por la subcultura del narcotráfico, transfigura el aprendizaje de la profesión con saberes docentes específicos y utilizables para sobrevivir esta contingencia dada su influencia intra e inter-áulica. (shrink)

The risk that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription pharmaceuticals (DTCA) may increase inappropriate medicine use is well recognized. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration addresses this concern by subjecting DTCA content to strict scrutiny. Its strictures are, however, heavily focused on the explicit claims made in commercials, what we term their “propositional content.” Yet research in social psychology suggests advertising employs techniques to influence viewers via nonpropositional content, for example, images and music. We argue that one such technique, evaluative conditioning, is (...) operative in DTCA. We further argue that evaluative conditioning fosters unjustified beliefs about drug safety and efficacy, antagonising the autonomy of viewers’ choices about advertised medicines. We conclude that current guidelines are deficient in failing to account for evaluative conditioning, and that more research and debate are needed to determine the permissibility of this and other forms of nonpropositional persuasion. (shrink)

Our focus in this article concerns Leibniz’s views on evil. Our goal is to examine which are the consequences of his conception of moral agency for the moral psychology of the genuinely evil person. For Leibniz, moral failure is an epistemic error since it involves some false practical judgement. Moral maxims may be represented in blind or symbolic cognitions, but then moral agents can misrepresent the evil consequences of their behaviour. Finally, we discuss Leibniz’s view on habits that may help (...) virtuous persons strive for perfection but also enable evil persons to continue sinning. (shrink)

El artículo examina, críticamente, la solución que propone Ronald Dworkin para el problema de si los ideales políticos de libertad e igualdad entran en conflicto. El núcleo de mi crítica es que la solución de Dworkin depende de un supuesto dudoso, a saber: que no puede haber casos de colisión entre dos obligaciones de igual importancia. Siguiendo una idea de Ruth Marcus, afirmo, finalmente, que la existencia de dilemas valorativos genuinos no implica, como pretende Dworkin, tener que reconocer que el (...) sistema de principios del agente es internamente inconsistente, ya que esta clase de problema surge más bien de factores circunstanciales. (shrink)

Ahora que hacemos memoria de la celebración del décimo aniversario de Francisco y su responsabilidad como papa, realizamos este artículo que recoge nuestra última actividad docente y académica: mi ponencia “Ética y pensamiento social desde Francisco”; relacionada con una reciente publicación del que soy coautor y como investigador asociado, unido al proyecto universitario de investigación “Querida Amazonia” (Universidad Anáhuac, México). En esta intervención, planteé estas cuestiones y temáticas que son el inicio de dicho libro. Precedido del prólogo de Michael F. (...) Czerny, Cardenal y colaborador del papa. En este trabajo, profundizamos dichas temáticas, proponiendo claves o criterios para promover una educación y formación moral, social, solidaria y humanista. Unida a una ecología integral y bioética global, guiados por la enseñanza y testimonio de Francisco. (shrink)

Translated for the first time into English, this volume in the Ancient Commentators on Aristotle series contains works of two Christian philosophers from Gaza, Aeneas of Gaza and Zacharias of Mytilene.